DEVEDZO| Mabhuku neMapepa aGandashanga Stanlake Samkange

Stanlake Samkange akavhurira Mashonaland musuwo weyunivhesiti paakatora dhigiri rayo rekutanga muna1947 paFort Hare University College. Kudzidza pachikomo kwaiera makore aya, zvekuti mbiri hombe yemagamba emanovhero aChinua Achebe, No Longer at Ease (1960) naA Man of the People (1966), yaibva pachitupa chevhasiti. Muera Gushungo, aizvidaidza kuti Gandashanga munyaya dzaainyorera Rhodesian Herald, akavazve mwana wevhu wekutanga kutsikisa bhuku muAfrican Writers Series muna1966. Apo simbi dzebasa – Ayi Kwei Armah, Buchi Emecheta, Ngugi waThiongo nevamwe vechikwata ichi – dzaikweshena muAfrican Writers’ Series yaipepetwa naAchebe, Samkange akapinda nemusambo wenovhero renhoroondo.

On Trial for My Country rakambomira sebhuku rega rekuZimbabwe muAfrican Writers Series, kuchizopinda Lawrence Vambe muna1972, akasonwa naCharles Mungoshi, Dambudzo Marechera, Stanley Nyamfukudza nevamwe, gumi rakarero. “Ndaiziva kuti rimwe zuva ndichafanira kunyora novhero saka ndakazvidzivisa kuverenga mabhuku evamwe vanyori vemuAfrica kuti ndisatoredzera manyorero nemaitiro avo,” Samkange anotsanangura mufirimu raOlley Maruma, After the Drought and Hunger (1986). “Ndaida kunyora nemutowo wangu ndega.”

Tisingaverengi mapepa nemabhuku mapfupi, Muzvinafundo Samkange vakatsikisa mabhuku mashanu enhoroondo, kusanganisira Africa Saga – A Brief Introduction to African History (1970) naOrigins of Rhodesia (1973) nemashanu euvaranomwe. Mabhuku avo ose euvaranomwe anofambidzana nenhoroondo. MunaOn Trial for My Country (1966), gakava raMambo Lobengula naCecil John Rhodes rinotambwa kunyikadzimu. Novhero raGandashanga retatu, Year of the Uprising (1978), nereshanu, On Trial for that UDI (1986), anotambira zvakare mumukumbu weutongi hweRudhizha nehondo yerusununguko.

Samkange anodanhuka zviri nyore kubva kuuvaronomwe kuenda kunhoroondo, zvichida nekuti akatora dhigiri rake rekutanga kuChirungu neNhoroondo. Tinoziva zvakare kuti munhu anobuda nedzidzo kubva muvanhu, saka haana chaangadzidziswa kuchikoro chaasina kudzidziswa kumba nevakuru vake. Samkange akazvarwa kwaChipata muna1922 muimba youshe hwekwaZvimba, kwakare kunoberekwa Gushungo Robert Mugabe. Rimwe bhuku rake rakatsikiswa neShona neChirungu, Nhoroondo dzekwaZvimba: kuChipata naOral History: The Zvimba People of Zimbabwe, muna1986 rinorangara magamba emba iyi.

Stanlake akakurira nekudzidza kuBulawayo, mukereke yeMethodist, yaitungamirwa nababa vake, Mfundisi Thompson Samkange. Mfundisi ava vainemerwa zita rekuti Matandandaba, zvichibva pakukwana pose pose, mararamiro evanhu, zvedzidzo, uye matongerwo enyika. Vakatungamira Southern African Missionary Council, yaibatanidza vafundisi vedzisvondo dzakasiyana, ndokuzovazve mutungamiri webato rezvematongerwo enyika, African National Council. Panguva yake kuBulawayo, Stanlake akadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penhoroondo yeZimbabwe, zvichizobuda zvakasimba mubasa rake, kusanganisira  On Trial for My Country (1966) nePh.D rake ra1968 kuIndiana University, “The Establishment of African Reserves in Matabeleland, 1893-1898”.

Stanlake akapinda munezvematongerwo enyika kuma1940, akashandira mapato anosanganisira Rhodesian Labor Party, Southern African National Congress neNational Democratic Party. Muna1957, akakundikana musarudzo dzekuva mumwe wenhengo mbiri dzechitema muparamende yeFederation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland kana kuti Rhonya. Sekutsanangura kwaJeanne-Marie Awotwi munaAfrican Novel of Ideas – Philosophy and Individualism in the Age of Global Writing (2021), Samkange airwira kodzero nechikamu chevatema muhurumende yeRudhizha, zvinosiyanisa mhando yake yematongerwo enyika nemapato eZapu neZanu airwira kuzvitonga kuzere. Muna1979, Samkange akamirira bato raitungamirwa naJames Chikerema, Zimbabwe Democratic Party, muparemende yeZimbabwe-Rhodesia, ndokusiya basa mushure menguva adiki achitsutsumwa nekusatendeseka kwehurumende yenguva iyi kuzvisungo zvayo. Akasiya zvematongerwo enyika mushure mekukundikana kweZDP musarudzo dza1980, achipa nguva yake zhinji kuHarare Publishing House neNyatsime College, yaakabatsira kuvamba kuma1950, panguva iyo zvikoro zvizhinji zvaitungamirwa naanamuneri vechichena nehurumende.

Muzvinafundo Samkange vanonyanyozikanwa sanyanduri nemurondi wenhoroondo asi vaiva zvakare mhesvamazano. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, apo zanonyorwa rerusununguko, kana kuti decoloniality, riri kupfumbira muzvidzidzo zvepamusoro, bhuku raGushungo nemukadzi wavo, Muzvinafundo Tommie Marie Samkange, Hunhuism or Ubuntuism – An Indigenous Political Philosophy for Zimbabwe (1980), riri kudzoka muhurukuro yekuti vanhu vatema vangarumuruka sei muhurungu patsika nemararamiro avo.

Nyangwe zvazvo hondo yerusunguko yakamanidza kuti vana vevhu vadzose nyaya zvinji kuvara dema nevara jena chete, Samkange anotsvedza pakati pemikumbu yakajairika. Mutsikisi wake, James Currey, anomutsanangura semunhu mutema ane foroma yechichena. Chiripo ndechekuti Samkange akasarudza hondo yake. Panguva iyo zvematongerwo enyika zvakaenda nenzira yaaisatarisira kupera kwema1950, akasarudza kurwa hondo yake samuzvinafundo wevatema. Nyangwe zvake asina “kurumwa neutunga,” dimikira raishandiswa kupatsanura makomuredhi kubva kune vamwe mushure mehondo, akarwa zvakasimba nechinyoreso chake, kwete kusimudzira Ziimbabwe chete asi vatema vose.

Mabhuku ake anosanganisira African Saga: An Introduction to African History (1971), anomutsidzira kwazvo ruremekedzo rwatinozvipa sevanhu vatema, uye akanyorwa panguva iyo vanamuzvinafundo vazhinji vaidukupisa rudzi rwedu vachikusha nhema dzeusvetasimba. Bhuku iri raishandiswa muzvikoro zvekuLiberia neAmerica. Munyori uyu akadzidzisa paHarvard University, Fisk University neNortheastern University, ndokusheedzwa zvikomo zvakasiyana, makare muAmerica neNigeria, achidzidzisa nhoroondo yevatema. Origins of Rhodesia rakatsikiswa rwepiri kuAmerica muna1970 rikawana mubairo weHerskovits Award of the African Studies Association U.S.A. and Canada muna1970.

“Hatikanganwi basa guru rakaitirwa nyika ino naStanlake,” mutungamiri wenyika, Cde. Robert Mugabe, vakachema mwana wekumusha kwavo, zvashaika muzvarwa uyu musi wa6 Kurume 1988. “Upenyu hwake, hwaakapa kubasa rekudzidza, kudzidzisa nekunyora, bhizimusi nematongerwo enyika, hwunosiya runyoro rwusingadzimiki mundangariro dzevose vaimuziva nevaishanda naye.

“Shungu dzake nedzidzo dzakamutuma kutanga chikoro chekuvaka vana vechitema, nemazano nemibato yemaoko, kuti vave zvizvarwa zvine chekubata nepundutso. Chikoro ichi iNyatsime College kwaSeke.

“Mumukumbu wenhoroondo yenyika yedu, Stanelake akava hwereshenga yekunyora, achirondedzera zvinonakidza zvitsuako zvenhoroondo yedu nenhoroondo yemadzinza edu. Tinoziva kuti panguva yake kuUnited State, akabata basa guru kukurudzira kunzwisisiwa kwenhoroondo yeAfrica.”

Ndichinyora muHerald, muna2013, ndakagunun’una nenyaya yekuti hapana kana bhuku rimwechete zvaro remuzvarwa uyu rinowanikwa muzvitoro zvemabhuku muZimbabwe. Kureva kuti kwasara zvinhu zviviri, kurasirwa nenhaka yake, kana kumurangadzwa nevadzidzi vekune dzimwe nyika vanotirangarira pachinhambo chekuti tizvirangarire. Kubva zvandakanyora nyaya iyi, hapana chachinja panyaya iyi kunzwe kwekuti tawedzera kuzvirasha kwazvo, pauvaranomwe nenhoroondo yedu, kunze kwekunge tichizviita takanangana nemapato ematongerwo enyika kana kana kuchikoro kwatinosarudzirwa zvekuverenga nekuziva.

Zvino pangaitwa sei kana ariwo mamiriro azvo? Ndaunganidza mutorododo wemabhuku nemapepa aGandashanga. Ndinokurudzira vana vevhu kukwereta mabhuku aya kumaraibhurari emakanzuru nemayunivhesiti, uye kuNational Archives, kwavanogonazve kutsvaka vamwe vanyori vedu vose vari panjodzi yekukanganikwa. Padandiranyika, mamwe emabhuku aya anogona kukweretwa pachena padandemutande re InternetArchive.org kana kutenga kutengwa pa Amazon.com Tichakurukura zvakazara pamusoro pebhuku rimwe nerimwe remuzvarwa uyu munyaya dzichatevera pano paGorerazvo.

Hungwe yamhara!

DEVEDZO

Samkange, SJT. (1951?). “A History of the Rhodesia Labour Party, 1920-1948”. BA (Honors) dissertation in History, Political Study and Philosophy (Harvard University).

Samkange, SJT. (1958). “The History of Land Policy in Southern Rhodesian from 1894 to 1951.” MSc thesis in Education, Indiana University.

Samkange, SJT. (1959). “Crisis in Central Africa: How to be a Partner. Part One”.  Twentieth Century, 165 (4). pp. 365-368.

Samkange, SJT. (1959). “Crisis in Central Africa: How to be a Partner. Part Two”.  Twentieth Century, 165 (6). pp. 609-610.

Samkange, SJT. (1966). On Trial for My Country: A Novel about Zimbabwe. London. Heinemann Educational Books.

Samkange, SJT. (1968). “The Establishment of African Reserves in Matabeleland, 1893-1898”. PhD thesis in History. Indiana University.

Samkange, SJT. (1971). African Saga: A Brief Introduction to African History. Nashville: Abingdon Press.

Samkange, SJT. (1971). “Wars of Resistance” in The Horizon History of Africa, Vol 2. ed. Joseph, A.M. New York: American Heritage Press.

Samkange, SJT. (1972). “A Historical Perspective of Racial Tensions and National Identity in Rhodesia”. Proceedings of the Second Annual Vanderbilt Sociology Conference (November 4-6, 1970, Day 2, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee). pp 119-136.  

Samkange, SJT. (1973) Origins of Rhodesia. London: Heinemann Educational Books.

Samkange, SJT (1975). The Mourned One. London: Heinemann Educational Books.

Samkange, SJT. (1978). Year of the Uprising. London. Heinemann Educational Books.

Samkange, SJT & Samkange TM. (1980). Hunhuism or Ubuntuism : a Zimbabwe Indigenous Political Philosophy. Salisbury: Graham Publishing.

Samkange, SJT. (1981). Harare, A-Z. Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1982). What Rhodes Really Said about Africans. Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1982). African Saga: A Brief Introduction to African History. Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1983) Christ’s Skin Color. Was He a White or Black Man? Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1985). Among Them Yanks. Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1985). The Origin of African Nationalism in Zimbabwe. Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1986). On Trial for that UDI: A Novel. Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1986). Oral History: The Zvimba People of Zimbabwe. Harare: Harare Publishing House.

Samkange, SJT. (1986). Nhoroondo dzekwaZvimba: kuChipata. Harare: Harare Publishing House.